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Published (Version of record)CC BY-ND V4.0, Open Access
Published (Version of record)CC BY-ND V4.0, Open
Journal article
Vaccination of poultry against highly pathogenic avian influenza – Part 2. Surveillance and mitigation measures
EFSA journal, Vol.22(4), pp.1-70
04/2024
PMID: 38638555
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Source: InCites
Abstract
Selecting appropriate diagnostic methods that take account of the type of vaccine used is important when implementing a vaccination programme against highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI). If vaccination is effective, a decreased viral load is expected in the samples used for diagnosis, making molecular methods with high sensitivity the best choice. Although serological methods can be reasonably sensitive, they may produce results that are difficult to interpret. In addition to routine molecular monitoring, it is recommended to conduct viral isolation, genetic sequencing and phenotypic characterisation of any HPAI virus detected in vaccinated flocks to detect escape mutants early. Following emergency vaccination, various surveillance options based on virological testing of dead birds ('bucket sampling') at defined intervals were assessed to be effective for early detection of HPAIV and prove disease freedom in vaccinated populations. For ducks, virological or serological testing of live birds was assessed as an effective strategy. This surveillance could be also applied in the peri-vaccination zone on vaccinated establishments, while maintaining passive surveillance in unvaccinated chicken layers and turkeys, and weekly bucket sampling in unvaccinated ducks. To demonstrate disease freedom with > 99% confidence and to detect HPAI virus sufficiently early following preventive vaccination, monthly virological testing of all dead birds up to 15 per flock, coupled with passive surveillance in both vaccinated and unvaccinated flocks, is recommended. Reducing the sampling intervals increases the sensitivity of early detection up to 100%. To enable the safe movement of vaccinated poultry during emergency vaccination, laboratory examinations in the 72 h prior to the movement can be considered as a risk mitigation measure, in addition to clinical inspection; sampling results from existing surveillance activities carried out in these 72 h could be used. In this Opinion, several schemes are recommended to enable the safe movement of vaccinated poultry following preventive vaccination.
Details
- Title
- Vaccination of poultry against highly pathogenic avian influenza – Part 2. Surveillance and mitigation measures
- Creators
- EFSA Panel on Animal Health and Animal Welfare (AHAW)European Union Reference Laboratory for Avian InfluenzaSøren Saxmose Nielsen - University of CopenhagenJulio Alvarez - Universidad Complutense de MadridDominique Bicout - VetAgro SupPaolo Calistri - DELL (United States)Elisabetta Canali - University of MilanJulian Ashley Drewe - University of Veterinary MedicineBruno Garin-Bastuji - Huvepharma (Bulgaria)Christian Gortázar - University of Castilla-La ManchaMette Herskin - Aarhus UniversityVirginie Michel - University of Veterinary MedicineMiguel Ángel Miranda Chueca - Universitat de les Illes Balears = Universidad de las Islas Baleares = University of the Balearic IslandsBarbara Padalino - Southern Cross University, Veterinary ScienceHelen Clare Roberts - University of Veterinary MedicineHans Spoolder - Wageningen University & ResearchKarl Stahl - Swedish Veterinary AgencyAntonio Velarde - Institute of Agrifood Research and TechnologyArvo Viltrop - Huvepharma (Bulgaria)Christoph Winckler - University of Veterinary MedicineAlessio Bortolami - Boehringer Ingelheim (India)Timm Harder - Huvepharma (Bulgaria)Claire Guinat - Boehringer Ingelheim (India)Arjan Stegeman - Huvepharma (Bulgaria)Calogero Terregino - Huvepharma (Bulgaria)Barbara LanfranchiLudovica PreiteInma Aznar - European Food Safety AuthorityAlessandro Broglia - Huvepharma (Bulgaria)Francesca Baldinelli - Boehringer Ingelheim (Denmark)Jose Luis Gonzales RojasMiguel Ángel Miranda Chueca
- Publication Details
- EFSA journal, Vol.22(4), pp.1-70
- Publisher
- European Food Safety Authority
- Identifiers
- 991013296855202368
- Copyright
- © 2024 European Food Safety Authority, European Union Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza. EFSA Journal published by Wiley-VCH GmbH on behalf of European Food Safety Authority. This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivs License, which permits use and distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited and no modifications or adaptations are made.
- Academic Unit
- Faculty of Science and Engineering; Veterinary Science
- Language
- English
- Resource Type
- Journal article