UV Disinfection of Hand-Rinse Greywater and Performance Testing Using Indigenous Staphylococcus spp

David C. Shoults; Nicholas J. Ashbolt

doi:10.3390/w9120963

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UV Disinfection of Hand-Rinse Greywater and Performance Testing Using Indigenous Staphylococcus spp

Journal article

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Peer reviewed

UV Disinfection of Hand-Rinse Greywater and Performance Testing Using Indigenous Staphylococcus spp

David C. Shoults and Nicholas J. Ashbolt

Water (Basel), Vol.9(12), 963

11/12/2017

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/w9120963

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Abstract

Environmental Sciences

Environmental Sciences & Ecology

Life Sciences & Biomedicine

Physical Sciences

Science & Technology

Water Resources

Greywater

Water reuse

Greywater reuse

Staphylococcus aureus

Staphylococcus spp.

Alternative water sources

Onsite treatment and reuse

Sustainable urban water use

Greywater reuse is a feasible solution for decreasing raw water extraction in urban and rural settings. However, pathogen-specific performance guidelines and regulations have only recently been recommended; practical means to assess performance are missing. Here we examine the efficacy of Staphylococcus spp. as an endogenous surrogate for greywater pathogen reduction performance testing, by evaluating UV-C irradiation of hand-rinse greywater, and the variability in UV resistance between different wild Staphylococcus species. Hand-rinse greywater samples were collected from five participants, and a collimated UV-C beam (256 nm) was used to assess log(10) reductions. Assays of colony-forming units on tryptic soy agar (TSA) were compared to mannitol salt agar (MSA) using Lysostaphin(TM) to confirm Staphylococcus spp. After irradiating raw hand-rinse samples to a dose of 220 mJcm(-2), log(10) reductions of Staphylococcus spp. were similar (2.1 and 2.2, respectively, p = 0.112). The similarity of the reduction based on TSA and Staphylococcus-specific culture assays following UV irradiation and the dominating presence of Staphylococcus spp. suggests that Staphylococcus spp. could be used as an endogenous performance surrogate group for greywater treatment testing. Suspended wild Staphylococcus isolates were irradiated with 256 nm UV-C to compare the variability of different Staphylococcus species. Staphylococcus isolates exhibited significant variance in log(10) reduction values when exposed to 11 mJcm(-2) of UV-C. Staphylococcushominis subsp. hominis exhibited surprising resistance to UV-C, with only a 1.6-log(10) reduction when exposed to 11 mJcm(-2) of UV-C (most other isolates exhibited > 5-log(10) reduction). The efficacy of UV-C was also significantly reduced when the sunscreen oxybenzone was present at a possible endogenous greywater concentration.

Details

Title: UV Disinfection of Hand-Rinse Greywater and Performance Testing Using Indigenous Staphylococcus spp
Creators: David C. Shoults - University of Alberta
Nicholas J. Ashbolt - University of Alberta
Publication Details: Water (Basel), Vol.9(12), 963
Publisher: MDPI AG
Number of pages: 9
Grant note: Canadian Foundation for Innovation; Canada Foundation for Innovation Alberta Innovates-Health Solutions
Identifiers: 991013098098602368
Copyright: © 2017 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Academic Unit: Faculty of Science and Engineering
Language: English
Resource Type: Journal article

UV Disinfection of Hand-Rinse Greywater and Performance Testing Using Indigenous Staphylococcus spp

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