Space-time detection of deforestation, forest degradation and regeneration in montane forests of Eastern Tanzania

Eliakim Hamunyela; Patric Brandt; Deo Shirima; Ha Thi Thanh Do; Martin Herold; Rosa Maria Roman-Cuesta

doi:10.1016/j.jag.2020.102063

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Space-time detection of deforestation, forest degradation and regeneration in montane forests of Eastern Tanzania

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Space-time detection of deforestation, forest degradation and regeneration in montane forests of Eastern Tanzania

Eliakim Hamunyela, Patric Brandt, Deo Shirima, Ha Thi Thanh Do, Martin Herold and Rosa Maria Roman-Cuesta

ITC Journal, Vol.88, 102063

06/2020

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jag.2020.102063

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Abstract

Montane forest

SAGCOT

Regeneration

Forest loss

Tanzania

•Forest disturbance and regeneration were tracked as spatio-temporal events. •Deforested areas were mainly converted to small-scale crop farms. •Forest disturbances were shifting to higher elevations. •The proportion of the forest that regenerated was marginal. •Global forest change datasets grossly underestimated forest loss. Naturally isolated montane forests in East Africa are hotspots of biodiversity, often characterised by high species endemism, and are fundamental contributors to water services. However, they are located in areas highly suitable for agriculture, making them a prime target for agricultural activities. The Eastern Arc Mountains (EAM) in Eastern Tanzania are within the target regions for agricultural development under the Southern Agricultural Growth Corridor of Tanzania (SAGCOT). However, forest monitoring initiatives that track long-term forest dynamics and the ecological impact of current agricultural development policies on forests, are lacking. Here, we use the STEF (Space-Time Extremes and Features) algorithm and Landsat time series to track forest disturbances (deforestation and degradation) and forest gains (regeneration) as spatio-temporal events over seventeen years (2001–2017) in the montane forests of the Mvomero District in Tanzania. We found that 27 % (∼ 20 487 ha) of montane forests were disturbed between 2001 and 2017, mainly led by deforestation (70 %). Small-scale crop farms with maize, banana, and cassava crops, were the most planted on deforested areas. Most disturbances occurred at lower elevation (lowland montane), but there was an increasing shift to higher elevations in recent years (2011–2017). Forest disturbances exclusively occurred at small spatial scales, a pattern similar to other forest montane landscapes in Africa, which lowers detection capabilities in global forest loss products. Our locally calibrated and validated deforestation map (Producer's accuracy = 80 %; User’s accuracy = 78 %) shows a gross underestimation of forest cover loss (>10 000 ha) by global forest loss products in these mountainous forest landscapes. Overall, we found few areas undergoing forest regeneration, with only 9 % of the disturbed forest regenerating over 17 years. Long-term conversion to cropland prevented regeneration in the lowlands, with regeneration mainly happening at higher elevations. However, the shift of deforestation and forest degradation to higher elevations may challenge high elevation regeneration trends, leaving the remaining blocks of montane forest in the Mvomero District at a risk of degradation and disappearance. Without effective forest conservation measures, market-driven agricultural development is likely to trigger an expansion of cropland at the expense of forests to meet the increased demand for the agricultural products promoted, with negative impact on biodiversity, carbon sequestration and water services.

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Title: Space-time detection of deforestation, forest degradation and regeneration in montane forests of Eastern Tanzania
Creators: Eliakim Hamunyela (Author) - University of Namibia, Faculty of Humanity and Social Sciences, Private Bag 13301, Windhoek, Namibia
Patric Brandt (Author) - Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), P.O. Box 30677, 00100, Nairobi, Kenya
Deo Shirima (Author) - Sokoine University of Agriculture, Department of Ecosystems and Conservation, Tanzania
Ha Thi Thanh Do (Author) - Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), P.O. Box 30677, 00100, Nairobi, Kenya
Martin Herold (Author) - Wageningen University & Research, Laboratory of Geo-Information Science and Remote Sensing, Droevendaalsesteg 3, PB Wageningen, 6708, the Netherlands
Rosa Maria Roman-Cuesta (Author) - Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), P.O. Box 30677, 00100, Nairobi, Kenya
Publication Details: ITC Journal, Vol.88, 102063
Publisher: Elsevier B.V
Identifiers: 991012927092002368
Academic Unit: Forest Research Centre; School of Environment, Science and Engineering; Faculty of Science and Engineering
Language: English
Resource Type: Journal article

Space-time detection of deforestation, forest degradation and regeneration in montane forests of Eastern Tanzania

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