Sampling of land types by protected areas: three measures of effectiveness applied to western New South Wales

At the end of 1997, the Western Division of New South Wales had 22 reserves with a total extent of 9458 km2 or 2.9% of the region. We used five measures to follow the effectiveness of the reserve system as it developed between 1960 and 1997. Two of the measures — number and total extent of reserves — are basic statistics in any review of protected areas. The other three measures concern how well the reserve system sampled the region's land types (e.g. ecosystems, vegetation types), defined here as land systems mapped at 1:250,000. The first of these measures was representativeness — the number of land systems sampled to a threshold level. The second was efficiency — the proportion of the reserve system contributing to, but not in excess of, conservation targets set for each land system. The third measure of sampling effectiveness was vulnerability bias — the extent to which reserves have been dedicated in parts of the region with most risk of vegetation loss. The representativeness of the reserve system at the end of 1997 was very low. Results for efficiency showed that a substantial part of the reserve system was not contributing to conservation targets. This partly reflected extensions of reserves to improve their design, highlighting the trade-off between design and efficiency. Values for vulnerability bias were close to those expected if reservation had been indifferent to risk of vegetation loss from clearing or cropping. Higher values would be expected if reservation had been intended to secure good examples of the more vulnerable land systems before clearing or cropping compromised conservation targets. Fluctuations in efficiency and vulnerability bias since 1960 can be related to the establishment and extension of individual reserves. We finish the paper by placing our measures of effectiveness in the context of a more comprehensive list needed to deal with issues such as environmental gradients and species' requirements for long-term persistence.