Journal article
Reduced physical activity during submarine deployment: health and performance consequences and feasible countermeasures - a narrative review
Journal of occupational health, Vol.68(1), pp.1-16
18/05/2026
PMID: 42149963
Appears in Recent Faculty of Health Publications
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Abstract
Objectives Submarine environments pose unique challenges to maintaining physical activity due to space constraints, operational demands, and prolonged confinement. This review aims to synthesize existing literature on the health and performance consequences of reduced physical activity in submarine personnel and to examine feasible strategies to mitigate these effects during deployment.
Methods A narrative overview methodology was adopted, with peer-reviewed studies identified from PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar. Articles examining physical activity patterns, health outcomes, and exercise or movement-based interventions in submarine environments and comparable confined operational settings were included.
Results Submarine deployments are consistently associated with reduced physical activity, low step counts, and limited opportunities for structured exercise. Prolonged inactivity during deployment may contribute to unfavorable changes in body composition, including increases in fat mass, potential reductions in muscle mass, and in some contexts, alterations in bone health. Collectively, these changes may increase longer-term cardiometabolic and musculoskeletal risk, particularly with repeated deployments. Practical, low-burden strategies such as increasing daily movement, no-load or bodyweight resistance exercise, and minimal-dose eccentric-focused training appear feasible within submarine constraints and may help preserve health and physical function.
Conclusions Maintaining physical health during submarine deployments requires proactive, context-specific approaches compatible with the operational environment. Low-resource exercise strategies that emphasize maintenance of activity, rather than performance optimization, may provide a practical means of mitigating health and performance declines during deployment. Further research is needed to determine the long-term effectiveness and implementation of these approaches in submarine populations.
Details
- Title
- Reduced physical activity during submarine deployment: health and performance consequences and feasible countermeasures - a narrative review
- Creators
- Benjamin J C Kirk - Edith Cowan UniversityGeorgios Mavropalias - Edith Cowan UniversityAnthony J Blazevich - Edith Cowan UniversityJodie L Cochrane Wilkie - Edith Cowan UniversityAus Molan - Pathwest Laboratory MedicineKazunori Nosaka - Edith Cowan University
- Publication Details
- Journal of occupational health, Vol.68(1), pp.1-16
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press
- Grant note
- This research was supported by funding from the Defence, Science and Technology group of the Department of Defence, Australia (ABN 68706814312).
- Identifiers
- 991013376468902368
- Copyright
- © The Author(s) 2026.
- Academic Unit
- Faculty of Health
- Language
- English
- Resource Type
- Journal article