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Psychological states underlying excellent performance in sport: A paradigm shift toward multiple-state perspectives
Journal article   Open access   Peer reviewed

Psychological states underlying excellent performance in sport: A paradigm shift toward multiple-state perspectives

Patricia C. Jackman, Joseph Greer, Matthew J. Schweickle, Patrick Boudreau, Scott G. Goddard, Stewart A. Vella and Christian Swann
Journal of applied sport psychology, Vol.First online
13/10/2025
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Published (Version of record)CC BY-NC-ND V4.0 Open

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Abstract

Psychological states underlying excellent performance have long been of practical interest in sport, and the scientific literature in this area has grown significantly over the past 50 years. Despite the extensive research, new perspectives have recently emerged, which may address existing conceptual, methodological, and practical problems identified in this field. Therefore, we aimed to critically review psychological states underlying excellent performance in sport studied over the past five decades, evaluate the field’s progress, and propose ways forward in research and applied practice via an emerging paradigm shift. First, we identify, synthesize, and critique nine individual concepts that have emerged in literature on the psychology of excellent performance in sport since the first study was published in 1977. Second, we critically examine the cross-cutting issues and developments that have contributed to the paradigm shift within research on psychological states underlying excellent performance in sport. Finally, we offer recommendations for researchers and practitioners to avoid pitfalls, improve clarity, and deliver more evidence-informed applied practice. Overall, we highlight how the field of psychological states underlying excellent performance in sport has progressed to enable the differentiation of concepts with stronger scientific foundations, and to help researchers and practitioners operate in a more evidence-based manner.

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