Journal article
Phytoremediation of an arsenic-contaminated site using Pteris vittata L. and Pityrogramma calomelanos var. austroamericana: a long-term study
Environmental Science and Pollution Research, Vol.19(8), pp.3506-3515
2012
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Abstract
<p>This field study investigated the phytoremediation potential of two arsenic (As) hyperaccumulating fern species, <em>Pityrogramma calomelanos</em> var. <em>austroamericana</em> and <em>Pteris vittata</em> over 27-month duration at a disused As-contaminated cattle-dip site located at Wollongbar, NSW, Australia. <a href="http://link.springer.com/search?dc.title=Ferns&facet-content-type=ReferenceWorkEntry&sortOrder=relevance">Ferns</a> planted in January 2009 were harvested following 10, 22 and 27 months of growth. A detailed soil sampling was undertaken in June 2009 (initial, <em>n</em> = 42 per plot) and limited sampling in April 2011 (after 27 months, <em>n</em> = 15 per plot) to measure total and phosphate-extractable As concentrations in soil at 0 − 20-, 20 − 40- and 40 − 60-cm depths. The choice of the limited number of samples was considered sufficient to estimate the changes in soil As concentration following phytoremediation based on a geostatistical model. The average frond dry biomass, As concentration and As uptake were significantly (<em>P</em> < 0.001 − 0.05) greater in <em>P</em>. <em>calomelanos</em> var. <em>austroamericana</em> than <em>P</em>. <em>vittata</em>, at all three harvests (1.6 − 4.3, 1.3 − 1.5 and 2.2 − 5.7 times, respectively). After 27-months of growth, <em>P</em>. <em>calomelanos</em> var. <em>austroamericana</em> removed 8,053 mg As (i.e. cumulative over three harvests) in plot B (25.4 kg As ha<sup>−1</sup>) that was 2.65 times higher than that depleted by <em>P</em>. <em>vittata</em> (3,042 mg As in plot A (9.7 kg As ha<sup>−1</sup>)). The cumulative frond As uptake data of the two fern species revealed that <em>P</em>. <em>calomelanos</em> var. <em>austroamericana</em> extracted 1.7 − 3.9 % and <em>P</em>. <em>vittata</em> removed 0.53 − 1.5 % of total As from soil at three depths. However, for the surface (0 − 20 cm) and subsurface (40 − 60 cm) layers, the (post-experiment) soil As data indicated that total As concentration in soil was reduced by 49 and 63 % (<em>P</em> < 0.05), respectively, using <em>P</em>. <em>calomelanos</em> var. <em>austroamericana</em>; and 17 and 15 % (<em>P</em> > 0.05), respectively, by <em>P</em>. <em>vittata</em>. Our results show that phytoremediation time based on observed changes in soil As based on limited sampling is not reliable; hence, it is recommended that the frond As uptake should be considered in order to evaluate the phytoremediation efficiency of the two fern species at the experimental site. Using As uptake of the two fern species, we estimate that with <em>P</em>. <em>calomelanos</em> var. <em>austroamericana</em> it would take 55 − 125 years to decrease mean total As content below the ecological investigation level (20 mg kg<sup>−1</sup>) in the surface and subsurface soils, whereas with <em>P</em>. <em>vittata</em> 143 − 412 years would be required to achieve this target.</p>
Details
- Title
- Phytoremediation of an arsenic-contaminated site using Pteris vittata L. and Pityrogramma calomelanos var. austroamericana: a long-term study
- Creators
- Nabeel Khan Niazi - University of SydneyB Singh - University of SydneyLukas Van Zwieten - New South Wales. Department of Primary IndustriesA G Kachenko
- Publication Details
- Environmental Science and Pollution Research, Vol.19(8), pp.3506-3515
- Identifiers
- 1330; 991012822194902368
- Academic Unit
- Southern Cross GeoScience
- Resource Type
- Journal article