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Immunological Aspects of Chytridiomycosis
Journal article   Open access   Peer reviewed

Immunological Aspects of Chytridiomycosis

Laura F. Grogan, Josephine E. Humphries, Jacques Robert, Chantal M. Lanctôt, Catherine J. Nock, David A. Newell and Hamish I. McCallum
Journal of fungi (Basel), Vol.6(4), 234
2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/jof6040234
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https://doi.org/10.3390/jof6040234View
Published (Version of record)CC BY V4.0,  Open

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Abstract

disease immunopathology chytridiomycosis amphibian Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans
Amphibians are currently the most threatened vertebrate class, with the disease chytridiomycosis being a major contributor to their global declines. Chytridiomycosis is a frequently fatal skin disease caused by the fungal pathogens Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) and Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans (Bsal). The severity and extent of the impact of the infection caused by these pathogens across modern Amphibia are unprecedented in the history of vertebrate infectious diseases. The immune system of amphibians is thought to be largely similar to that of other jawed vertebrates, such as mammals. However, amphibian hosts are both ectothermic and water-dependent, which are characteristics favouring fungal proliferation. Although amphibians possess robust constitutive host defences, Bd/Bsal replicate within host cells once these defences have been breached. Intracellular fungal localisation may contribute to evasion of the induced innate immune response. Increasing evidence suggests that once the innate defences are surpassed, fungal virulence factors suppress the targeted adaptive immune responses whilst promoting an ineffectual inflammatory cascade, resulting in immunopathology and systemic metabolic disruption. Thus, although infections are contained within the integument, crucial homeostatic processes become compromised, leading to mortality. In this paper, we present an integrated synthesis of amphibian post-metamorphic immunological responses and the corresponding outcomes of infection with Bd, focusing on recent developments within the field and highlighting future directions.

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