Journal article
Hydrogeochemical assessment of carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic health risks of potentially toxic elements in aquifers of the Hindukush ranges, Pakistan: insights from groundwater pollution indexing, GIS-based, and multivariate statistical approaches
Environmental science and pollution research international, Vol.29, pp.75744-75768
10/2022
PMID: 35661301
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Abstract
Globally, potentially toxic elements (PTEs) and bacterial contamination pose health hazards, persistency, and genotoxicity in the groundwater aquifer. This study evaluates PTE concentration, carcinogenic and noncarcinogenic health hazards, groundwater quality indexing (GWQI-model), source provenance, and fate distribution in the groundwater of Hindukush ranges, Pakistan. The new estimates of USEPA equations record new research dimensions for carcinogenic and noncarcinogenic hazards. The principal component analysis (PCA), mineral phases, and spatial distribution determine groundwater contamination and its impacts. The average concentrations of PTEs, viz., Cd, Cu, Co, Fe, Pb, and Zn, were 0.06, 0.27, 0.07, 0.55, 0.05, and 0.19 mg/L, and E. coli, F. coli, and P. coli were 27.5, 24.0, and 19.0 CFU/100 ml. Moreover, the average values of basic minerals, viz., anhydrite, aragonite, calcite, dolomite, gypsum, halite, and hydroxyl apatite, were 0.4, 2.4, 2.6, 5.1, 0.6, and - 4.0, 11.2, and PTE minerals like monteponite, tenorite, cuprite, cuprous ferrite, cupric ferrite, ferrihydrite, goethite, hematite, lepidocrocite, maghemite, magnetite, massicot, minium, litharge, plattnerite, and zincite were - 5.5, 2.23, 4.65, 18.56, 20.0, 4.84, 7.54, 17.46, 6.66, 9.67, 22.72, - 3.36, 22.9, 3.16, - 18.0, and 1.46. The groundwater showed carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic health hazards for children and adults. The GWQI-model showed that 58.3% of samples revealed worse water quality. PCA revealed rock weathering, mineral dissolution, water-rock interaction, and industrial effluents as the dominant factors influencing groundwater chemistry. Carbonate weathering and ion exchange play vital roles in altering CaHCO3 type to NaHCO3 water. In this study, E. coli, F. coli, P. coli, EC, turbidity, TSS, PO43, Na+, Mg+2, Ca+2, Cd, Co, Fe, and Pb have exceeded the World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines. The carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic impacts of PTEs and bacterial contamination declared that the groundwater is unfit for drinking and domestic purposes.
Details
- Title
- Hydrogeochemical assessment of carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic health risks of potentially toxic elements in aquifers of the Hindukush ranges, Pakistan: insights from groundwater pollution indexing, GIS-based, and multivariate statistical approaches
- Creators
- Abdur Rashid - China University of GeosciencesMuhammad Ayub - Hazara UniversitySardar Khan - University of PeshawarZahid Ullah - China University of GeosciencesLiaqat Ali - University of PeshawarXubo Gao - China University of GeosciencesChengcheng Li - China University of GeosciencesHamed A. El-Serehy - King Saud UniversityPrashant Kaushik - Universitat Politècnica de ValènciaAtta Rasool - COMSATS University Islamabad
- Publication Details
- Environmental science and pollution research international, Vol.29, pp.75744-75768
- Publisher
- Springer Nature
- Number of pages
- 25
- Grant note
- RSP-2021/19 / King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; King Saud University B18049 / 111 Program (State Administration of Foreign Experts Affairs & Ministry of Education of China) 2018M642944 / China Postdoctoral Science Foundation 41521001; 41877204 / National Natural Science Foundation of China; National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC)
- Identifiers
- 991013092525902368
- Copyright
- © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2022.
- Academic Unit
- Faculty of Science and Engineering
- Language
- English
- Resource Type
- Journal article