Development of a revised Jalowiec Coping Scale for use by emergency clinicians: a cross-sectional scale development study

Jaimi H Greenslade; Marianne C Wallis; Amy Johnston; Eric Carlström; Daniel Wilhelms; Ogilvie Thom; Louisa Abraham; Julia Crilly

doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2019-033053

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Development of a revised Jalowiec Coping Scale for use by emergency clinicians: a cross-sectional scale development study

Journal article

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Development of a revised Jalowiec Coping Scale for use by emergency clinicians: a cross-sectional scale development study

Jaimi H Greenslade, Marianne C Wallis, Amy Johnston, Eric Carlström, Daniel Wilhelms, Ogilvie Thom, Louisa Abraham and Julia Crilly

BMJ Open, Vol.9(12), e033053

2019

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-033053

PMCID: PMC7003388

PMID: 31796493

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Abstract

Emergency medicine

Acute care

Urgent and critical care, and emergency medicine

Objectives: The aim of this study was to develop and validate a scale to measure the coping strategies used by emergency staff in response to workplace stress. To achieve this aim, we developed a refined Jalowiec Coping Scale (JCS), termed the Jalowiec Coping Scale-Emergency Department (JCS-ED) and validated this scale on a sample of emergency clinicians. Design: A cross-sectional survey incorporating the JCS, the working environment scale-10 and a measure of workplace stressors was administered between July 2016 and June 2017. The JCS-ED was developed in three stages: 1) item reduction through content matter experts, 2) exploratory factor analysis for further item reduction and to identify the factor structure of the revised scale and 3) confirmatory factor analyses to confirm the factors identified within the exploratory factor analysis. Setting: Six Emergency Departments (EDs) in Australia and four in Sweden. There were three tertiary hospitals, five large urban hospitals and two small urban hospitals. Participants: Participants were eligible for inclusion if they worked full-time or part-time as medical or nursing staff in the study EDs. The median age of participants was 35 years (IQR: 28–45 years) and they had been working in the ED for a median of 5 years (IQR: 2–10 years). 79% were females and 76% were nurses. Results: A total of 875 ED staff completed the survey (response rate 51%). The content matter experts reduced the 60-item scale to 32 items. Exploratory factor analyses then further reduced the scale to 18 items assessing three categories of coping: problem-focussed coping, positive emotion-focussed coping and negative emotion-focussed coping. Confirmatory factor analysis supported this three-factor structure. Negative coping strategies were associated with poor perceptions of the work environment and higher ratings of stress.ConclusionsThe JCS-ED assesses maladaptive coping strategies along with problem-focussed and emotion-focussed coping styles. It is a short instrument that is likely to be useful in measuring the types of coping strategies employed by staff.

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Title: Development of a revised Jalowiec Coping Scale for use by emergency clinicians: a cross-sectional scale development study
Creators: Jaimi H Greenslade - Emergency and Trauma Centre, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Herston, Queensland, Australia
Marianne C Wallis - School of Nursing & Midwifery, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, Queensland, Australia
Amy Johnston - School of Nursing, Midwifery, and Social Work, University of Queensland—St Lucia Campus, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
Eric Carlström - Health and Crisis Management and Policy, Sahlgrenska Akademin, Goteborgs Universitet, Goteborg, Sweden
Daniel Wilhelms - Department of Emergency Medicine, Local Health Care Services in Central Östergötland, Linkoping, Sweden
Ogilvie Thom - Department of Emergency Medicine, Sunshine Coast Hospital and Health Service, Nambour, Queensland, Australia
Louisa Abraham - Emergency and Trauma Centre, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Herston, Queensland, Australia
Julia Crilly - Department of Emergency Medicine, Gold Coast Health Service District, Southport, Queensland, Australia
Publication Details: BMJ Open, Vol.9(12), e033053
Publisher: BMJ Group
Identifiers: 991012926996402368
Copyright: This is an open access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Unported (CC BY 4.0) license, which permits others to copy, redistribute, remix, transform and build upon this work for any purpose, provided the original work is properly cited, a link to the licence is given, and indication of whether changes were made. See: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
Academic Unit: Faculty of Health; Nursing
Language: English
Resource Type: Journal article

Development of a revised Jalowiec Coping Scale for use by emergency clinicians: a cross-sectional scale development study

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