Detailed protocol for an accurate non-destructive direct dating of tooth enamel fragment using electron spin resonance

In the context of human evolution, fossil remains are too valuable to be destroyed and any alteration should be kept to a minimum. The newly developed protocol on fossil fragments has open the gate for ‘virtually’ non-destructive ESR (Electron Spin Resonance) direct dating of human re-mains. The method allows the separation of unstable and interfering signals that were responsible for large dose underestimation. While a complete investigation of the ESR signal remains a complex task and requires numerous hours of manipulations, a rapid dose assessment protocol can be achieve with-out compromising the accuracy nor the integrity of the sample. The new protocol should be used for future dating regardless of the possibility of measuring powder.