Conceptual model to inform Legionella–amoebae control, including the roles of extracellular vesicles in engineered water system infections

Nicholas Ashbolt

doi:10.3389/fcimb.2023.1200478

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Conceptual model to inform Legionella–amoebae control, including the roles of extracellular vesicles in engineered water system infections

Journal article

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Conceptual model to inform Legionella–amoebae control, including the roles of extracellular vesicles in engineered water system infections

Nicholas Ashbolt

Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology, Vol.13

18/05/2023

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2023.1200478

Appears in Recent Faculty of Science and Engineering Publications

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Abstract

engineered water systems

environmental persistence

disinfection resistance

QMRA

monitoring

Extracellular vesicles (EVs or exosomes) are well described for bacterial pathogens associated with our gastrointestinal system, and more recently as a novel mechanism for environmental persistence, dissemination and infection for human enteric viruses. However, the roles played by EVs in the ancient arms race that continues between amoebae and one of their prey, Legionella pneumophila, is poorly understood. At best we know of intracellular vesicles of amoebae containing a mix of bacterial prey species, which also provides an enhanced niche for bacteriophage infection/spread. Free-living amoeba-associated pathogens have recently been recognized to have enhanced resistance to disinfection and environmental stressors, adding to previously understood (but for relatively few species of) bacteria sequestered within amoebal cysts. However, the focus of the current work is to review the likely impacts of large numbers of respiratory-sized EVs containing numerous L. pneumophila cells studied in pure and biofilm systems with mixed prey species. These encapsulated pathogens are orders of magnitude more resistant to disinfection than free cells, and our engineered systems with residual disinfectants could promote evolution of resistance (including AMR), enhanced virulence and EV release. All these are key features for evolution within a dead-end human pathogen post lung infection. Traditional single-hit pathogen infection models used to estimate the probability of infection/disease and critical environmental concentrations via quantitative microbial risk assessments may also need to change. In short, recognizing that EV-packaged cells are highly virulent units for transmission of legionellae, which may also modulate/avoid human host immune responses. Key data gaps are raised and a previous conceptual model expanded upon to clarify where biofilm EVs could play a role promoting risk as well as inform a more wholistic management program to proactively control legionellosis.

Details

Title: Conceptual model to inform Legionella–amoebae control, including the roles of extracellular vesicles in engineered water system infections
Creators: Nicholas Ashbolt (Author) - Southern Cross University
Publication Details: Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology, Vol.13
Publisher: Frontiers Research Foundation
Identifiers: 991013116713402368
Academic Unit: Faculty of Science and Engineering
Language: English
Resource Type: Journal article

Conceptual model to inform Legionella–amoebae control, including the roles of extracellular vesicles in engineered water system infections

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UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

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