Files and links (2)
Published (Version of record)CC BY V4.0, Open Access
Published (Version of record)CC BY V4.0, Open
Journal article
Carbon Footprint and Sensitive Design Parameters of Residential and Industrial (Whey) Wastewater Treatment Plants: A Comparative Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)
Water, Vol.18(4), pp.1-19
12/02/2026
Metrics
1 Record Views
Abstract
This study calculates the carbon footprint of chemical coagulants and operational energy for residential and industrial (whey digestion) wastewater treatment using ReCiPe 2016 methodology within a clearly defined system boundary from cradle to gate. Data from water treatment facilities have been analyzed to quantify environmental impacts and identify sensitive design parameters. The estimated emission of treating 1 m3 of wastewater from whey digestion (7.1195 kg CO 2 eq) is over 50 times higher than that of a residential one (0.1349 kg CO 2 eq). Life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) reveals that iron (III) chloride (40% in H2O) and operational electricity consumption have higher impact categories compared to other design components. The uncertainty analysis indicates that electricity consumption (r = 0.4) is the dominant contributor to emissions, with a mean value of 4.22 kg CO 2 -eq per m3 of wastewater treated. In contrast, iron (III) chloride emerges as the most sensitive parameter (r = 0.88) with small variations in dosing causing a disproportionately large impact on overall emissions. Therefore, the optimized use of an iron-based coagulant, the adoption of membrane electrolysis, and the integration of renewable electricity into the process supply chains have been identified as effective strategies for reducing emissions.
Details
- Title
- Carbon Footprint and Sensitive Design Parameters of Residential and Industrial (Whey) Wastewater Treatment Plants: A Comparative Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)
- Creators
- Tushar Quddus - Central Queensland UniversityMuhammed Bhuiyan - RMIT UniversityAbunada Ziyad - Central Queensland UniversityKhan Zaved - Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research OrganisationNabi Md Nurun - Central Queensland UniversityCharles Lemckert - Southern Cross University
- Publication Details
- Water, Vol.18(4), pp.1-19
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Number of pages
- 19
- Identifiers
- 991013355506702368
- Copyright
- © 2026 by the authors
- Academic Unit
- Faculty of Science and Engineering; Engineering
- Language
- English
- Resource Type
- Journal article