Associations of procrastination with loneliness, social isolation, and social withdrawal

André Hajek; Razak M. Gyasi; Supa Pengpid; Karel Kostev; Pinar Soysal; Nicola Veronese; Lee Smith; Louis Jacob; Hans-Helmut König; Karl Peltzer

doi:10.1007/s10389-025-02419-y

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Associations of procrastination with loneliness, social isolation, and social withdrawal

Journal article

Open access

Peer reviewed

Associations of procrastination with loneliness, social isolation, and social withdrawal

André Hajek, Razak M. Gyasi, Supa Pengpid, Karel Kostev, Pinar Soysal, Nicola Veronese, Lee Smith, Louis Jacob, Hans-Helmut König and Karl Peltzer

Journal of public health, Vol.First online

19/02/2025

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10389-025-02419-y

Appears in Recent National Centre for Naturopathic Medicine Publications

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Abstract

procrastination

Hikikomori

social isolation

loneliness

social exclusion

postponement

delaying

Aim: The aim was to investigate the association of procrastination with loneliness, social isolation, and social withdrawal (also stratified by sex). Subjects and methods: Data were used from a large sample of the general adult population in Germany, consisting of individuals aged 18 to 74 years (analytic sample, n =5000 individuals, mean age: 46.9 years, SD: 15.2; 50.7% female). Standardized instruments were employed to measure the key variables. Multiple linear regressions were employed. Results: After the adjustment for various sociodemographic factors, lifestyle habits, and health-related variables, the regression analyses showed that greater procrastination was significantly associated with higher levels of loneliness (β=.11, p<.001), higher perceived social isolation (β=.05, p <.001), higher objective social isolation (β=.14, p <.001), and greater social withdrawal (β=1.00, p <.001). Additional regressions showed that such associations were mainly significantly more pronounced among men. Conclusion: Our study showed that procrastination is associated with several unfavorable social outcomes, particularly among men. Efforts to address procrastination may also help such unfavorable social outcomes, pending future longitudinal studies. Keywords Procrastination · Hikikomori · Social isolation · Loneliness · Social exclusion · Postponement · Delaying

Details

Title: Associations of procrastination with loneliness, social isolation, and social withdrawal
Creators: André Hajek - Hamburg Center for Health Economics (Germany, Hamburg)
Razak M. Gyasi - African Population and Health Research Center
Supa Pengpid - Mahidol University
Karel Kostev - Philipps-University Marburg
Pinar Soysal - Bezmialem Vakif University (Turkey, Istanbul)
Nicola Veronese - University of Palermo
Lee Smith - Anglia Ruskin University
Louis Jacob - Université Paris Cité
Hans-Helmut König - Hamburg Center for Health Economics (Germany, Hamburg)
Karl Peltzer - Mahidol University
Publication Details: Journal of public health, Vol.First online
Publisher: Springer Nature
Grant note: Open Access funding enabled and organized by Projekt DEAL.
Identifiers: 991013260585202368
Academic Unit: National Centre for Naturopathic Medicine
Language: English
Resource Type: Journal article