Journal article
Adult clonidine overdose: prolonged bradycardia and central nervous system depression, but not severe toxicity
Clinical toxicology (Philadelphia, Pa.), Vol.55(3), pp.187-192
16/03/2017
PMID: 28107093
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Abstract
Context: There are limited reports of adult clonidine overdose. We aimed to describe the clinical effects and treatment of clonidine overdose in adults.
Methods: This was a retrospective review of a prospective cohort of poisoned patients who took clonidine overdoses (>200 μg). Demographic information, clinical effects, treatment, complications (central nervous system and cardiovascular effects) and length of stay (LOS) were extracted from a clinical database or medical records.
Results: From 133 admissions for clonidine poisoning (1988–2015), no medical record was available in 14 and 11 took staggered ingestions. Of 108 acute clonidine overdoses (median age 27 years; 14–65 years; 68 females), 40 were clonidine alone ingestions and 68 were clonidine with co-ingestants. Median dose taken was 2100 μg (interquartile range [IQR]: 400–15,000 μg). Median LOS was 21h (IQR: 14–35 h) and there were no deaths. Glasgow coma score [GCS] <15 occurred in 73/108 (68%), and more patients taking co-ingestants (8/68; 12%) had coma (GCS <9) compared to clonidine alone (2/40; 5%). Miosis occurred in 31/108 (29%) cases. Median minimum HR was 48 bpm (IQR: 40–57 bpm), similar between clonidine alone and co-ingestant overdoses. There was a significant association between dose and minimum HR for clonidine alone overdoses (p = 0.02). 82/108 (76%) had bradycardia, median onset 2.5 h post-ingestion (IQR: 1.7–5.5 h) and median duration 20 h (2.5–83 h), similar for clonidine alone and co-ingestant overdoses. There were no arrhythmias. Three patients ingesting 8000–12,000 μg developed early hypertension. Median minimum systolic BP was 96 mmHg (IQR: 90–105 mmHg) and hypotension occurred in 26/108 (24%). 12/108 patients were intubated, but only 2 were clonidine alone cases. Treatments included activated charcoal (24), atropine (8) and naloxone (23). The median total naloxone dose was 2 mg (IQR: 1.2–2.4 mg), but only one patient given naloxone was documented to respond with partial improvement in GCS.
Discussion: Clonidine causes persistent but not life-threatening clinical effects. Most patients develop mild central nervous system depression and bradycardia. Naloxone was not associated with improved outcomes.
Details
- Title
- Adult clonidine overdose: prolonged bradycardia and central nervous system depression, but not severe toxicity
- Creators
- Geoffrey K. Isbister - University of Newcastle AustraliaSimon P. Heppell - Department of Clinical Toxicology and Pharmacology, Calvary Mater NewcastleColin B Page - University of Newcastle AustraliaNicole M Ryan - University of Newcastle Australia
- Publication Details
- Clinical toxicology (Philadelphia, Pa.), Vol.55(3), pp.187-192
- Publisher
- Taylor & Francis
- Identifiers
- 991013184713802368
- Copyright
- (c) 2017 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.
- Academic Unit
- Faculty of Health
- Language
- English
- Resource Type
- Journal article