Journal article
A Triangular Hybrid FAHP-FTOPSIS and Contextual Bandit Dynamic Protocol Selection for V2I Communications
Vehicular Communications, Vol.62, pp.1-32
12/2026
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Abstract
Vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) communications involve interactions between mobile vehicles and static roadside unit (RSU) nodes, resulting in limited connectivity and short interaction windows, particularly at high speeds. While there is consensus on using IEEE 802.11p and C-V2X radio technologies at the physical layer, the upper layers are technology-agnostic. These upper-layer communication technologies exhibit varied capabilities, each with distinct strengths and limitations in dynamic environments, leading to one-size-fits-all inefficiencies in V2I ecosystems. Existing methodologies primarily focus on lower-layer strategies, such as scheduling, radio access, dynamic resource allocation, and message prioritisation, to enhance network performance. Additionally, upper-layer approaches often assume ideal network conditions and fail to adapt to real-time variability. To overcome these limitations, this study introduces a novel protocol fusion module (FM) that dynamically leverages the strengths of twenty combinations of Internet of Things (IoT) application-layer protocols (ALPs) and transport-layer protocols. The FM is guided by fuzzy-based multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) and contextual multi-armed bandit machine learning models as decision engines (DEs). Extensive performance evaluations across multiple case studies and node densities indicate that the framework can optimise critical performance metrics under both single and shared-spectrum conditions. All DEs achieved an accumulated PDR averaging of at least 75% under high vehicle penetration, with higher values under low-and-mild-traffic conditions, aggregated over the set of protocol combinations selected for each communication session. These improvements were most visible under shared-spectrum, where fuzzy MCDA-based DE recommendations maintained desirable latency (in the 3ms range) and PDR averages within 90% and higher across both the SCH and CCH channels is most simulated scenarios and node densities. Overall, the framework demonstrated that it could improve critical metrics across various V2I scenarios.
Details
- Title
- A Triangular Hybrid FAHP-FTOPSIS and Contextual Bandit Dynamic Protocol Selection for V2I Communications
- Creators
- Danladi Suleman - University of the Sunshine CoastRania Shibl - University of the Sunshine CoastMingzhong Wang - University of the Sunshine CoastKeyvan Ansari - Murdoch University
- Publication Details
- Vehicular Communications, Vol.62, pp.1-32
- Publisher
- Elsevier Inc
- Identifiers
- 991013404419002368
- Copyright
- © 2026 The Authors.
- Academic Unit
- Information Technology; Faculty of Science and Engineering
- Language
- English
- Resource Type
- Journal article