Conference proceeding
The Influence of Gender, Lifestyle Decisions and Health Status on Participant Motivation Factors of Health Orientation and Psychological Coping
Applied Psychology Readings:Selected Papers from the Singapore Conference on Applied Psychology 2023, pp.145-168
Springer Proceedings in Behavioral & Health Sciences
SCAP: Singapore Conference of Applied Psychology, 2023 (Singapore, 07/12/2023 - 08/12/2023)
08/2024
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Abstract
Background: Participant motivation is a significant factor for athletes in the selection of exercise and sport and evaluates those factors that enhance or inhibit motivation to participate. It is represented by factors as health orientation, psychological coping, weight concern and personal goal achievement. The aim of the research was to evaluate the interactions of gender, athlete lifestyle decisions, such as smoking and alcohol consumption; and health status such as asthma, anxiety, BMI health risk, cardiac health (angina), cancer, COPD, depression, diabetes, hyperlipidaemia, hypertension and osteoarthritis to influence participant motivation factors of health orientation and psychological coping. Volunteer athletes (male N = 2496; mean age = 53.72 years; s.d. = ±10.05), female (N = 2399 mean age = 49.39 years; s.d. = ±9.15) who competed at the 2009 World Masters Games (WMG) completed an online self-report survey which contained Motivations of Marathoners Scale (MOMS) athletes’ sports participation motivations, demographics, sports participation, lifestyle decisions and health status information. The MOMS instrument focused on nine participant motivation factors, however the focus of the research was health orientation and psychological coping. The response range for each factor was 1 to 7, with 1 = least important to 7 = most important reason. Lifestyle decisions evaluated were smoking (current smoker, non-smoker and ex-smoker) and alcohol consumption (ex-drinker, non-drinker and drinker). Health status information was based on the health variables identified in the research purpose section categorised by the presence or absence of illness. Statistical analysis utilised IBM SPSS Statistics 26 (2022) software. The analysis was a bi-factorial ANOVA for each variable, independent variables (factors) were gender (male vs female) and lifestyle decision categories for smoking and alcohol consumption and presence or absence of medical condition. The dependent variables in each analysis MOMS instrument were specifically health orientation and psychological coping. The results indicated negative health status conditions were of low frequency in the WMG cohort. In terms of lifestyle, significant main effects occurred for health orientation for smoking (p < .001; lower score for smokers) and alcohol consumption (p < .001; lower value for ex-drinkers), although all groups indicated some importance for health orientation. No significant effects were found for psychological coping although all groups indicated this factor was of low importance. The health status conditions indicated for anxiety condition athletes (p < .001) psychological coping was of moderate importance (mean 3.68), whereas for no anxiety athletes it was of low importance (mean 2.73). For BMI risk health orientation (p < .001) more important for low risk group (mean 4.86) compared to high risk group (mean 4.39). No differences for psychological coping (mean high risk 2.75; mean low risk 2.77). Depression condition indicated no difference for health orientation, although all groups indicated concept was important to participant motivation. For psychological coping moderate importance to depressed athletes (mean 3.3) and not important for no depression (mean 2.73). No significant effects for health orientation, although all groups indicated it was important. A significant interaction effect for gender by health status occurred for psychological coping (p = .01) where male non-diabetics (mean 2.76) had higher scores than diabetics (mean 2.34) and female non-diabetics had lower scores (2.78) than diabetics (3.13). A significant interaction effect for gender by hyperlipidaemia status for health orientation (p = .012) where males with no hyperlipidaemia (mean = 4.76) lower than those with hyperlipidaemia (mean 5.10) and females with no hyperlipidaemia (mean = 4.79) not different than those with hyperlipidaemia (mean 4.88). No main or interaction effects for psychological coping. Although for health condition in both groups psychological coping of low importance (no hyperlipidaemia 2.77 and hyperlipidaemia 2.82). Hypertension displayed significant main effects for absence or presence of hypertension (p = .049) for health orientation. Hypertension group (mean 4.96) indicated health orientation was more important than no hypertension (mean 4.79). No significant main effects or interaction effects related to hypertension status and psychological coping. However, both groups indicated psychological coping was of low importance (no hypertension = 2.76 and hypertension = 2.81). No main effects or interaction effect differences for asthma, cardiac health (angina), cancer, COPD or osteoarthritis for the factors of health orientation or psychological coping. Although responses for gender and health category (means 4.7–5) indicated health orientation was an important factor for participant motivation and psychological coping was not an important factor (means 2.5–2.77). In conclusion, all lifestyle and health conditions health orientation was identified as important factor in increasing participant motivation, whereas psychological coping was identified as a low importance factor for participant motivation. There were some paradoxical results for lifestyle decisions where higher heath risk athletes (smokers) rated health orientation lower than non-smokers and ex-smokers. Alcohol consumption indicated ex-drinkers had lower health orientation scores. The health conditions of asthma, cardiac health, cancer, COPD and osteoarthritis did not display differences based on gender or health condition category for health orientation and psychological coping. Some differences were identified for anxiety, BMI health risk, depression, diabetes, hyperlipidaemia and hypertension. These result indicate that in some circumstances lifestyle decisions and health status can influence participation in competitive sport through health orientation and psychological coping strategies.
Details
- Title
- The Influence of Gender, Lifestyle Decisions and Health Status on Participant Motivation Factors of Health Orientation and Psychological Coping
- Creators
- Ian Heazlewood - Sport Science InstituteMike Climstein - Southern Cross UniversityJoe Walsh - Sport Science Institute
- Contributors
- Brian Moore (Editor) - University of WollongongElizabeth Murray (Editor) - Charles Sturt UniversityMatthew Winslade (Editor) - Charles Sturt UniversityLee-Ming Tan (Editor) - East Asia Research
- Publication Details
- Applied Psychology Readings:Selected Papers from the Singapore Conference on Applied Psychology 2023, pp.145-168
- Conference
- SCAP: Singapore Conference of Applied Psychology, 2023 (Singapore, 07/12/2023 - 08/12/2023)
- Series
- Springer Proceedings in Behavioral & Health Sciences
- Publisher
- Springer Nature Singapore; Singapore
- Identifiers
- 991013214800002368
- Copyright
- © 2024 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
- Academic Unit
- Human Sciences; Faculty of Health
- Language
- English
- Resource Type
- Conference proceeding