Background
Although online educational platforms have been used increasingly, there is lack of evidence-based guidance around what to offer online and how. There are also great variations in learning designs and delivery. This review of reviews aims to provide a comprehensive perspective around online learning modes, and their effectiveness across different disciplines.
Method
A review of reviews was conducted, including all the review papers around any online learning programs used in any disciplines across any levels (undergraduate and postgraduate). Thematic analysis was used for data synthesis.
Findings
Preliminary analysis resulted in five key themes: 1) Delivery modes/platforms need to be matched based on the learners needs, to result in meaningful interaction. Internet-based programs need to be effective and efficient (useful, convenient, engaging and affordable). 2) A holistic support system needs to be available for students around academic and technology-related issues, sense of community, and their health and wellbeing. Students should be assisted to improve Self-Regulated Learning (SRL) strategies, such as time management, problem solving/critical thinking, metacognition, and effort regulation. 3) Competency of educators need to be assessed and updated regularly, based on pedagogy, technology, communication skills, expertise, incorporating leadership theories (such as situational), change management, creativity, and evidence-based teaching. 4) Although online and traditional education courses showed relatively similar learning outcome and satisfaction, online education, was suggested due to the higher demand around flexibility. 5) Although 15-week versus 7-week online courses showed relatively similar learning outcome and satisfaction, online intensive courses were recommended due to the flexibility and more frequent intake periods.
Conclusion
Online education provides great flexibility, variation, and cost-efficiency, however, it is essential to assure that the online learning mode is appropriate based on the learners needs and priorities.
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